View source for Quasi-discrete spectrum

A term in [[Ergodic theory|ergodic theory]] and [[Topological dynamics|topological dynamics]] used in phrases like:  "a dynamical system (flow, cascade or transformation generating the latter) has a quasi-discrete spectrum (or is a system, flow, etc. with a quasi-discrete spectrum)" .

In ergodic theory, the concept  "transformation with a quasi-discrete spectrum"  is in fact considered only in connection with an ergodic automorphism <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764601.png" /> of a [[Lebesgue space|Lebesgue space]] <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764602.png" /> (although the definition given below is also formally suitable in a more general situation). For <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764603.png" /> one defines by induction quasi-eigen functions and quasi-eigen values of order <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764604.png" />. A quasi-eigen function of order one is an ordinary eigen function corresponding to the shift operator

<table class="eq" style="width:100%;"> <tr><td valign="top" style="width:94%;text-align:center;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764605.png" /></td> </tr></table>

that is, a non-zero <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764606.png" /> for which <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764607.png" /> (almost-everywhere, below this is also assumed to hold), where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764608.png" /> is a constant (an eigen value; it is a quasi-eigen value of order one). If <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q0764609.png" />, <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646010.png" /> and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646011.png" />, where <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646012.png" /> is a quasi-eigen function of order <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646013.png" />, then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646014.png" /> is called a quasi-eigen function of order <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646015.png" />, and <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646016.png" /> is the corresponding quasi-eigen value (of the same order). (In [[#References|[2]]] instead of quasi-eigen functions and values one speaks of generalized eigen functions and generalized eigen values.) It follows from the ergodicity of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646017.png" /> that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646018.png" /> for any quasi-eigen function <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646019.png" />, while if <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646020.png" /> is also a quasi-eigen value, then <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646021.png" />. For this reason one often includes in the definition of a quasi-eigen function the normalization condition <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646022.png" />. One says that <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646023.png" /> has a quasi-discrete spectrum if the quasi-eigen functions of all possible orders form a [[Complete system|complete system]] in <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646024.png" />. There are complete results for the case when in addition the automorphism <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646025.png" /> is completely ergodic (that is, all its powers are ergodic). There is a complete metric classification of such automorphisms <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646026.png" />, and their properties are well known [[#References|[3]]]. The concept of a quasi-discrete spectrum and the theory related to it can be generalized for locally compact commutative groups of transformations of Lebesgue spaces (in particular, for a [[Measurable flow|measurable flow]]); see the account of T. Wieting's results in [[#References|[4]]].

Although  "quasi-discrete spectrum"  at first sight suggests that one is dealing with a certain type of spectrum of a dynamical system, in fact the property of a cascade <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646027.png" /> of having a quasi-discrete spectrum is not a spectral one, that is, it cannot be expressed in terms of the spectral properties of the shift operator <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646028.png" />. Even if it is known that a cascade has a quasi-discrete spectrum, the spectrum still does not uniquely determine its metric properties. The quasi-discrete spectrum was introduced just in connection with the first example of metrically non-isomorphic ergodic cascades with the same spectrum ([[#References|[1]]], see also [[#References|[2]]]). In this example the cascades have quasi-discrete spectra but in one of them there are quasi-eigen functions of third order, while in the other there are not.

In topological dynamics the notion of a quasi-discrete spectrum was introduced for a homeomorphism <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646029.png" /> of a compactum <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646030.png" /> that is assumed to be completely minimal (that is, all its powers are minimal). The quasi-eigen functions and values are defined in the same way as above by replacing <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646031.png" /> by <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646032.png" /> (the continuous complex-valued functions). <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646033.png" /> has a quasi-discrete spectrum if the quasi-eigen functions separate the points of <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646034.png" />. The topological version of the theory is by and large analogous to the metric one (see [[#References|[5]]]–[[#References|[7]]]). However, in passing from the topological theory of cascades to that of flows with quasi-discrete spectra, essentially different arguments are required and it is even necessary, to some extent, to go outside the framework of the ordinary concepts of topological dynamics (it turns out to be expedient to consider flows <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646035.png" /> with discontinuous dependence of the homeomorphisms <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646036.png" /> on <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646037.png" />) (see [[#References|[8]]], [[#References|[9]]]).

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  P.R. Halmos,   J. von Neumann,   "Operator methods in classical mechanics"  ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''43''' :  2  (1942)  pp. 332–350</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  P.R. Halmos,   "Lectures on ergodic theory" , Math. Soc. Japan  (1956)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L.M. Abramov,   "Metric automorphisms with quasi-discrete spectrum"  ''Transl. Amer. Math. Soc.'' , '''39'''  (1964)  pp. 37–56  ''Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. Mat.'' , '''26''' :  4  (1962)  pp. 513–530</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  R.J. Zimmer,   "Ergodic actions with generalized spectrum"  ''Illinois J. Math.'' , '''20'''  (1976)  pp. 555–588</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top">  F. Hahn,   W. Parry,   "Minimal dynamical systems with quasi-discrete spectrum"  ''J. London Math. Soc.'' , '''40''' :  2  (1965)  pp. 309–323</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[6]</TD> <TD valign="top">  F. Hahn,   W. Parry,   "Some characteristic properties of dynamical systems with quasi-discrete spectra"  ''Math. Systems Theory'' , '''2''' :  2  (1968)  pp. 179–190</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[7]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J.R. Brown,   "Ergodic theory and topological dynamics" , Acad. Press  (1976)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[8]</TD> <TD valign="top">  F. Hahn,   "Discrete real time flows with quasi-discrete spectra and algebras generated by <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/q/q076/q076460/q07646038.png" />"  ''Israel J. Math.'' , '''16''' :  1  (1973)  pp. 20–37</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[9]</TD> <TD valign="top">  W. Parry,   "Notes on a posthumous paper by F. Hahn"  ''Israel J. Math.'' , '''16''' :  1  (1973)  pp. 38–45</TD></TR></table>