View source for Topological algebra

A [[Universal algebra|universal algebra]] that is a topological space such that the algebraic operations are continuous.

An algebra (in the sense of a  "ring with operators" ) <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093010/t0930101.png" /> over a topological field or commutative ring <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093010/t0930102.png" /> that is a topological space in which the operations of addition and multiplication, as well as the mapping <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093010/t0930103.png" /> (<img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093010/t0930104.png" />), are continuous. A [[Banach algebra|Banach algebra]] is an example of a topological algebra over the field of complex numbers.

The branch of algebra which studies topological algebraic structures, i.e. groups, semi-groups, rings, lattices, vector spaces, modules, and others, equipped with topologies in which the algebraic operations considered are continuous.

The notion of a [[Topological group|topological group]] arose in connection with the study of groups of continuous transformations. Thus, in the second half of the 19th century, S. Lie and his school developed the theory of an important class of topological groups (groups of differentiable transformations from a manifold into itself), which were subsequently called Lie groups (cf. [[Lie group|Lie group]]). The study of general topological groups began in the 1920's (cf. [[#References|[1]]], [[#References|[2]]]). By the early 1930's, topological groups, rings and fields were being systematically investigated.

A.N. Kolmogorov [[#References|[3]]] developed an axiomatic approach to the study of topological projective geometries. Their classification depends essentially on the description of locally compact skew-fields (cf. [[Locally compact skew-field|Locally compact skew-field]]). A complete description of connected locally compact skew-fields was given in 1932 by L.S. Pontryagin (cf. [[#References|[4]]], Chapt. 4).

Numerous problems in analysis led to the general definition of a [[Banach space|Banach space]] (cf. also [[#References|[5]]]), which motivated the systematic study of topological modules over topological rings and Banach algebras (cf. [[#References|[6]]], [[#References|[7]]]).

The basic branches of topological algebra at present are: topological groups and their generalizations (in particular, topological semi-groups and quasi-groups, cf. [[Topological group|Topological group]]); topological rings (cf. [[Topological ring|Topological ring]]) (in particular, topological fields and skew-fields) and topological modules (cf. [[Topological module|Topological module]]) over them (in particular, topological vector spaces, cf. [[Topological vector space|Topological vector space]]); topological lattices (in particular, topological projective planes); and topological universal algebras (cf. [[#References|[5]]], [[#References|[8]]], [[#References|[10]]], [[#References|[11]]]).

The following lines of research in topological algebra can be distinguished: the existence of topologies in algebraic systems (groups, rings and others), to transform them into topological algebraic systems with special properties; questions about extending topologies to extensions of algebraic systems, and the possibility of imbedding them into topological algebraic systems of specific classes; properties of the topology of a topological algebraic system, in particular the possibility of specifying the topology by a metric or norm; the construction of different classes of topological algebraic systems (including the theory of radicals of a topological algebraic system); free topological algebraic systems; and questions of duality of topological algebraic systems.

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  O. Schreier,   "Abstrakte kontinuierliche Gruppen"  ''Abh. Math. Sem. Univ. Hamburg'' , '''4'''  (1926)  pp. 15–32</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  F. Leja,   "Sur la notion du groupe topologique"  ''Fund. Math.'' , '''9'''  (1927)  pp. 37–44</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A.N. Kolmogorov,   "Zur Begründung der projektiven Geometrie"  ''Ann. of Math.'' , '''33'''  (1932)  pp. 175–176</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L.S. Pontryagin,   "Topological groups" , Princeton Univ. Press  (1958)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[5]</TD> <TD valign="top">  N. Bourbaki,   "Topological vector spaces" , Springer  (1987)  (Translated from French)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[6]</TD> <TD valign="top">  I.M. Gel'fand,   D.A. Raikov,   G.E. Shilov,   "Commutative normed rings" , Chelsea, reprint  (1964)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[7]</TD> <TD valign="top">  M.A. Naimark,   "Normed rings" , Reidel  (1984)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[8]</TD> <TD valign="top">  V.I. Arnautov,   M.I. Vodinchar,   A.V. Mikhalev,   "Introduction to the theory of topological rings and modules" , Kishinev  (1981)  (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[9]</TD> <TD valign="top">  V.M. Glushkov,   "Structure of locally bicompact groups and Hilbert's fifth problem"  ''Uspekhi Mat. Nauk'' , '''12''' :  2  (1957)  pp. 3–41  (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[10]</TD> <TD valign="top">  L.A. Skornyakov,   "Topological projective planes"  ''Trudy Moskov. Mat. Obshch.'' , '''3'''  (1954)  pp. 347–373  (In Russian)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[11]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A.I. [A.I. Mal'tsev] Mal'cev,   "The metamathematics of algebraic systems, Collected papers 1936–1967" , North-Holland  (1971)  (Translated from Russian)</TD></TR></table>



====Comments====
The concept of a [[Topological semi-group|topological semi-group]] has been studied in functional analysis and topological algebra (in the sense of 3) above) since about 1950. Cf. [[#References|[a4]]]–[[#References|[a7]]].

An important aspect of topological algebra is the interplay between topological and algebraic structures on the same set; in particular, the way in which otherwise inequivalent topological properties are forced to become equivalent by the presence of a compatible algebraic structure, and vice versa. For example, if the underlying topological space of a topological group satisfies the <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093010/t0930105.png" /> separation axiom, then it is automatically a Hausdorff space (and even completely regular). Similarly, if the underlying space of a topological ring (with <img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/legacyimages/t/t093/t093010/t0930106.png" />) is compact and Hausdorff, then it is also zero-dimensional. In the other direction, if a lattice admits a compact Hausdorff topology compatible with its lattice structure, then it is necessarily complete (i.e. has suprema and infima of arbitrary subsets). In this case (and even for topological semi-lattices), the topology is uniquely determined by the algebraic structure (plus the requirement that it should be compact and Hausdorff). For more information on topological lattices, see [[#References|[a1]]], [[#References|[a2]]].

====References====
<table><TR><TD valign="top">[a1]</TD> <TD valign="top">  G. Gierz,   K.H. Hofmann,   K. Keimel,   J.D. Lawson,   M.V. Mislove,   D.S. Scott,   "A compendium of continuous lattices" , Springer  (1980)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a2]</TD> <TD valign="top">  P.T. Johnstone,   "Stone spaces" , Cambridge Univ. Press  (1982)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a3]</TD> <TD valign="top">  K.H. Hofmann,   P.S. Mostert,   "Elements of compact semigroups" , C.E. Merrill  (1966)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a4]</TD> <TD valign="top">  E. Hille,   R.S. Phillips,   "Functional analysis and semi-groups" , Amer. Math. Soc.  (1957)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a5]</TD> <TD valign="top">  J.A. Goldstein,   "Semigroups of linear operators and applications" , Oxford Univ. Press  (1985)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a6]</TD> <TD valign="top">  K.H. Hofmann,   "Topological semigroups: history, theory, applications"  ''Jahresber. Deutsch. Math.-Verein.'' , '''78'''  (1976)  pp. 9–59</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a7]</TD> <TD valign="top">  K.H. Hofmann (ed.)  J.D. Lawson (ed.)  J.S. Pym (ed.) , ''The analytical and topological theory of semigroups'' , de Gruyter  (1990)</TD></TR><TR><TD valign="top">[a8]</TD> <TD valign="top">  A. Guichardet,   "Special topics in topological algebras" , Gordon &amp; Breach  (1968)</TD></TR></table>