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\noindent{\bf Evgenii Evgenievich SLUTSKY (or SLUTSKII)} \\
b. 7 April 1880 (o.s.) - d. 10 March 1948
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{\bf Summary.} Slutsky contributed to the understanding of stochastic
convergence. He made important contributions to econometrics; in time series
analysis the Slutsky effect is named after him.
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Slutsky was born in a village in the Yaroslavl gubernia (to the north of
Moscow) in Russia.  His father at the time was a supervisor in the Novinsk
Teacher's College, but lost his job in 1886 for ethical reasons.  After three
further years the family returned to the father's native Ukraine where he was
appointed director of the Zhitomir Teacher's College.  Evgenii entered the
classical gymnasium in this town, dreamed of becoming a physicist, and regarded
mathematics only as a tool to this end.  He also displayed considerable
literary and artisitic learnings, and completed the gymnasium with a gold medal
in 1899, when his father again came into conflict with his superiors and
retired.  Some of this uncompromising nature was to become evident also in the
young Evgenii.

He entered the Physico-Mathematical Faculty at Kyiv (Kiev) University in 1899,
from which, caught up in the revolutionary fervour of students in the Russian
empire of the time, he was expelled in 1902 and forbidden to enter any Russian
tertiary institution.  The years 1902-1905 were spent at the Polytechnic
Institute in Munich, ostensibly studying mechanical engineering (for which he
showed no aptitude) while subsidised and encouraged by his grandmother, but
actually pursuing an interest in economics.  The changes in political climate
of 1905 made it possible for him to begin political economy at Kyiv University
in 1905.  He ultimately completed his university studies in 1911, for a
mathematically-based study entitled ``The Theory of Limiting Utility" which
became a now-famous though long-overlooked paper on the theory of consumer
behaviour (Slutsky, 1915).

His interest in statistics and in the theory of probability as a theoretical
basis for it, was stimulated by an elementary book of 1911 personally presented by its
author, the physiologist A.V. Leontovich, which exposited 
techniques of Gauss (q.v.) and Karl
Pearson (q.v.).  Slutsky consequently produced a book whose full title, 
in English translation,
is {\it The Theory of Correlations and Elements of Curves of Distribution}.  In the
Preface he refers to the new statistical school of Galton (q.v.)
and Pearson, and gives as his
motivation a contribution to the inevitable spread of its ideas.  Publication of this
book in 1912 helped Slutsky gain a position at the Kyiv Commercial Institute in the Spring
of  1915 where he worked, rising to the rank of professor, until 1926 when he left for Moscow.
(From 1912 to 1918 he  worked at a school of which his wife's father, N.N. Volodkevich, was
director.)

In Slutsky's last 5 or so years in Kyiv, the interests of M.P. Kravchuk (q.v.), some 12
years younger and also working in this city, began to turn to statistics in a direction
strongly influenced by the English Biometric School, and it is plausible to think there
may have been some contact between the two, although their national orientations may
well have been different.  In overall interests and early career Slutsky's development,
however, parallels closely that of his eminent countryman, A.A. Chuprov (q.v.), only
some 6 years older.  It is therefore not surprising that the two established close
academic contact that continued until the \'{e}migr\'{e} Chuprov's untimely death.

In Moscow Slutsky decided to pursue theoretical problems of statistics (though these
were influenced by interests in economics and in geophysics); he worked at the 
Koniunkturnyi (Conjunctural) Institute (an institute for the study of business cycles)
and the Central Statistical Office until about 1931.  In 1928 in a short communication 
in {\it C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris} {\bf 180}, 370, he ascribed the Strong Law of Large 
Numbers to Borel (q.v.) when it had been hitherto believed to be due to Francesco 
Paolo Cantelli (1875-1966).   The matter was noticed by the Italians and came to a head 
during the 8th International Congress of Mathematicians, held in Bologna, Italy, 3-10
September, 1928.  The dispute's evolution is described in detail in two letters from 
Slutsky to his wife during the Congress (see Seneta, 1992).  They show Slutsky 
uncompromising, and perhaps a little less than gracious in victory.

From 1931 to 1934 he worked at the Central Institute of Meteorology, from 1934 at Moscow
State University, and from 1938, after a wartime period in Tashkent, until his death in
the security of the Steklov Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The subject of Statistics was severely repressed, one of many repressions, under Stalin
from the early 1930's (e.g. Seneta, 1985), and Slutsky's moves would have been forced by
the necessity of avoiding the line of fire and keeping a job. One sees a roughly similar
effect at a similar time in the careers of S.N. Bernstein (q.v.) and M.P. Kravchuk
(q.v.).

Slutsky's (1925) paper had a fundamental influence in elucidating the notion of
convergence in probability (although to some extent in this he had been anticipated by
Cantelli) and establishing a form of what is now known as Slutsky's Theorem. (A version 
of this theorem
states that if a sequence of random variables $ \{ X_n \} $ converges in probability to a
random variable $ X $, and $ f $ is a continuous function, then $ \{ f(X_n) \}$ converges in
probability to $ f(X) $.)  The paper,
naturally, contains a form of the Weak Law of Large Numbers from which these notions
derive.  Here the influence of Chuprov and the Japanese mathematician M. Watanabe
is manifest.  No doubt the paper contains the seeds of Slutsky's discontent with
Cantelli.  Slutsky also treated random sequences, stimulated by manifestation of
periodicity in economic time-series data.  In the most famous of these papers the
Slutsky effect- that repeated filtering  of even a purely random series introduces spurious
periodicity- is elucidated.  More generally he studied the attributes of random
functions and may be regarded as one of the founders of the theory of stationary random
processes, thus encompassing a very broad range of applicability for his mathematical
talents.

In his final years he supervised the tabulation of the incomplete gamma and beta
functions at the Steklov Institute, and died in the course of this task, while reading
Galsworthy's {\it The Forsyte Saga} for recreation. 
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\begin{thebibliography}{3}

\bibitem{1}  Chetverikov, N.S. (1959). Life and scientific activity of E.E. Slutsky.(in Russian.)
In: N.S. Chetverikov {\it Statisticheskie Issledovaniia (Statistical
Investigations).} 
Nauka, Moscow,1975. pp.261-281.

\bibitem{2}  Seneta, E. (1985).  A sketch of the history of survey sampling in Russia.
{\it Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A}, 
{\bf 148}, 118-125.

\bibitem{3}  Seneta, E. (1992). On the history of the Strong Law of Large Numbers and
Boole's Inequality. {\it Historia Mathematica} {\bf 19},
24-39.

\bibitem{4}  Slutsky, E.E. (1915). Sulla teoria del bilancio consumatore. 
{\it Giornale degli Economisti}, Ser. 3, {\bf 51}, 1-26.

\bibitem{5}  Slutsky, E.E. (1925). \"{U}ber stochastische Asymptoten und Grenzwerte.
{\it Metron} {\bf 5}, 3-89.

\bibitem{6}  Slutsky, E.E. (1960). {\it Izbrannie Trudy (Selected Works)}. Izd. AN SSSR,
Moscow.
[Contains a biographical sketch, commentaries, a
photograph, and a
complete bibliography.]
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\hfill{E. Seneta}

\end{thebibliography}

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